English Grammar
Complete Reference v2
36 หัวข้อ ครบทุกระดับ พื้นฐาน → ขั้นสูง · พร้อมตัวอย่างและข้อผิดพลาดที่ต้องระวัง
TOEIC
IELTS
TOEFL
ม.ปลาย / มหาวิทยาลัย
Common Errors
01
Parts of Speech
| ชนิด | หน้าที่ | ตัวอย่าง |
| Noun | คน สัตว์ สิ่งของ ความคิด | book, happiness, Bangkok |
| Verb | การกระทำ / สถานะ | run, know, is, seem |
| Adjective | ขยาย noun | big, beautiful, important |
| Adverb | ขยาย verb / adj / adv | quickly, very, often, too |
| Pronoun | แทน noun | he, she, they, it, whom |
| Preposition | แสดงความสัมพันธ์ | in, on, at, for, with, despite |
| Conjunction | เชื่อมคำ / ประโยค | and, but, because, although |
| Determiner | ระบุ noun | a, an, the, some, each, both |
| Interjection | แสดงอารมณ์ | Oh! Wow! Ouch! |
Noun — ประเภท
Countable
book, car
→ many / few / a few
Uncountable
water, info
→ much / little / a little
Abstract
freedom
ความคิด / ความรู้สึก
Proper
Bangkok
ขึ้นต้นตัวใหญ่เสมอ
Uncountable — ห้ามเติม -s
✗informations / advices / furnitures / equipments
✓information / advice / furniture / equipment
Stative Verbs — ห้ามใช้ Continuous
knowbelieveunderstand
lovehatewant
needownseem
containpreferremember
✗I am knowing the answer.
ลำดับ Adjective
Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Color → Origin → Material → Purpose + Noun
a beautiful small old round red Italian wooden dining table
02
Sentence Structure
| โครงสร้าง | ตัวอย่าง |
| S + V | She works. |
| S + V + O | She reads books. |
| S + V + C | She is happy. / He became CEO. |
| S + V + IO + DO | She gave me a book. |
| S + V + O + OC | They made him manager. |
ประเภทประโยค
| ประเภท | ลักษณะ | ตัวอย่าง |
| Simple | 1 independent clause | I work. |
| Compound | 2+ main clauses (and/but/so/or) | I work, and she studies. |
| Complex | main + subordinate clause | I work because I need money. |
| Compound-Complex | 2 main + 1+ subordinate | I work hard because I want success, and she does too. |
03
Questions ใหม่
1) Yes/No Questions — ใช้ auxiliary ขึ้นต้น
Auxiliary + Subject + Verb ?
Do / Does / Did / Is / Are / Was / Were / Have / Has / Will / Can + S + V?
✓Have you finished the report?
✓Will they attend the meeting?
2) Wh- Questions — Wh + auxiliary + S + V
| Wh-word | ถามเรื่อง | ตัวอย่าง |
| What | สิ่งของ / การกระทำ | What do you do? |
| Who | คน (subject) | Who called you? (ไม่ต้องกลับ) |
| Whom | คน (object) | Whom did you call? |
| Where | สถานที่ | Where do you live? |
| When | เวลา | When does she arrive? |
| Why | เหตุผล | Why are you late? |
| How | วิธี / สภาพ | How did you know? |
| How many/much | จำนวน | How many books do you have? |
| How long/far/often | ระยะเวลา/ทาง/ความถี่ | How long have you waited? |
★Who เป็น Subject → ไม่ต้องกลับคำ: "Who called you?" ไม่ใช่ "Who did call you?"
3) Question Tags — ถามยืนยัน
Positive statement → negative tag
Negative statement → positive tag
| ประโยคหลัก | Tag | ตัวอย่าง |
| Present Simple (+) | doesn't/don't + S? | She works here, doesn't she? |
| Present Simple (−) | does/do + S? | He doesn't know, does he? |
| Past Simple (+) | didn't + S? | They left early, didn't they? |
| be (+) | isn't/aren't/wasn't/weren't + S? | She is ready, isn't she? |
| have/has (+) | haven't/hasn't + S? | You've finished, haven't you? |
| will (+) | won't + S? | You'll come, won't you? |
| can (+) | can't + S? | She can drive, can't she? |
| I am (+) | aren't I? | I'm right, aren't I? |
| Let's... | shall we? | Let's go, shall we? |
| Imperative | will you? | Open the door, will you? |
4) Indirect Questions — ออก TOEIC บ่อยมาก
เมื่ออยู่ในประโยคใหญ่ — word order กลับเป็นปกติ (S + V) ไม่ใช่แบบคำถาม
Do you know + where / what / who / when / how + S + V (ปกติ) ?
เปรียบเทียบ Direct vs Indirect
✓Where does he live? (Direct — กลับคำ)
✓Do you know where he lives? (Indirect — S+V ปกติ)
✗Do you know where does he live?
✓I don't know what time the meeting starts.
✓Could you tell me how long it takes?
✓I wonder whether she has arrived. (if/whether = yes/no)
04
Exclamatory Sentences ใหม่
| โครงสร้าง | ใช้กับ | ตัวอย่าง |
| What + a/an + adj + noun + S + V! | noun | What a beautiful day it is! |
| What + adj + noun(pl/uncnt) + S + V! | plural / uncountable | What amazing news! |
| How + adj/adv + S + V! | adj หรือ adv | How fast she runs! |
✓What a wonderful idea that is!
✓How kind of you to help!
✗What wonderful idea! (ลืม a)
05
Dummy Subject (It / There) ใหม่
It — ประธานเทียม
| Pattern | ตัวอย่าง |
| It + is + adj + to-V | It is important to exercise. |
| It + is + adj + that + S + V | It is clear that he is lying. |
| It + takes + time + to-V | It takes 3 hours to drive there. |
| It + seems/appears + that | It seems that she has left. |
| It + was + noun + that/who (Cleft) | It was John who called me. |
| เวลา / ระยะทาง / สภาพอากาศ | It is Monday. / It is far. / It is raining. |
There — แสดงการมีอยู่
There + is/are/was/were/will be + noun
Verb ตามด้วย noun ที่ตามมา (Real Subject)
✓There is a problem. / There are many students.
✓There has been a significant increase in sales.
✗There are a problem. (verb ตาม real subject)
06
Tense — 12 กาล
| Tense | โครงสร้าง | ใช้เมื่อ | ตัวอย่าง |
| Present Simple | V1 / V+s | ความจริงทั่วไป, นิสัย, ตาราง | She works every day. |
| Present Continuous | am/is/are + V-ing | เกิดขณะพูด, แผนในอนาคต | She is working now. |
| Present Perfect | have/has + V3 | ประสบการณ์, เพิ่งเสร็จ, ยังต่อเนื่อง | She has finished it. |
| Present Perfect Cont. | have/has been + V-ing | ทำมาต่อเนื่องจนถึงตอนนี้ | She has been working for 3 hrs. |
| Past Simple | V2 | เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่จบแล้ว | She worked yesterday. |
| Past Continuous | was/were + V-ing | กำลังทำอยู่ในอดีต | She was working at 8 PM. |
| Past Perfect | had + V3 | เกิดก่อนอีกเหตุการณ์ในอดีต | She had left before I arrived. |
| Past Perfect Cont. | had been + V-ing | ทำมาก่อนอีกเหตุการณ์ | She had been waiting for 2 hrs when he came. |
| Future Simple | will + V1 | ตัดสินใจทันที, ทำนาย | I will call you. |
| be going to | am/is/are going to + V1 | แผนที่วางไว้แล้ว, เห็นสัญญาณ | She is going to study abroad. |
| Future Continuous | will be + V-ing | จะกำลังทำอยู่ในอนาคต | I will be sleeping at midnight. |
| Future Perfect | will have + V3 | จะเสร็จก่อนเวลาในอนาคต | She will have finished by 5 PM. |
★Keyword: just / already / yet / ever / never / since / for → Present Perfect · yesterday / last / ago → Past Simple
07
Subject-Verb Agreement
| กฎ | Singular / Plural | ตัวอย่าง |
| He / She / It | Singular → V+s | She works. |
| They / We / I / You | Plural → V | They work. |
| The number of + N | Singular | The number of cars is high. |
| A number of + N | Plural | A number of students are absent. |
| Each / Every / Either / Neither + N | Singular | Each student has a book. |
| Both / Several / Many / Few + N | Plural | Both students have passed. |
| Either...or / Neither...nor | ดู noun หลัง or/nor | Either she or they are right. |
| Not only...but also | ดู noun หลัง but also | Not only he but also they know. |
| Collective noun (team, staff, committee) | Singular (โดยรวม) | The team is ready. |
| Gerund / Infinitive เป็น Subject | Singular | Running every day is healthy. |
| S ที่คั่นด้วยวลี (of / with / as well as) | ดูที่ S ตัวแรก | The quality of the products is high. |
09
Modal Verbs + Modal Perfect
| Modal | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่าง |
| can | ความสามารถ, ขออนุญาต (ไม่ทางการ) | She can speak French. |
| could | สามารถในอดีต, ขอสุภาพ, อาจเป็นไปได้ | Could you help me? |
| may | ขออนุญาต (ทางการ), อาจจะ (50%) | May I leave? / It may rain. |
| might | อาจจะ (โอกาสน้อยกว่า may) | It might rain later. |
| must | ต้อง (บังคับ), สรุปแน่ใจ | You must sign this. / He must be tired. |
| should | ควร, คาดว่าจะ | You should exercise more. |
| shall | เสนอ (I/We), อนาคตทางการ | Shall I help you? |
| would | สุภาพ, ความตั้งใจในอดีต, สมมติ | Would you mind opening the door? |
Modal Perfect — โครงสร้าง: Modal + have + V3
| Modal Perfect | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่าง |
| must have + V3 | สรุปว่าต้องเกิดขึ้นแล้ว (มั่นใจมาก) | He must have left already. |
| should have + V3 | ควรทำแต่ไม่ได้ทำ (เสียดาย) | I should have studied harder. |
| shouldn't have + V3 | ไม่ควรทำแต่ทำไปแล้ว (เสียใจ) | You shouldn't have said that. |
| could have + V3 | ทำได้แต่ไม่ได้ทำ | She could have won the match. |
| might have + V3 | อาจจะเกิดขึ้นแล้ว | He might have forgotten. |
| can't/couldn't have + V3 | เป็นไปไม่ได้ที่จะเกิดขึ้น | She can't have done that! |
| would have + V3 | คงจะทำ ถ้า... (Type 3) | I would have helped if I knew. |
| needn't have + V3 | ไม่จำเป็นแต่ทำไปแล้ว | You needn't have bought so much. |
10
Passive Voice
be + V3 (+ by + agent ถ้าจำเป็น)
| Tense | Active | Passive |
| Present Simple | They make it. | It is made. |
| Past Simple | They made it. | It was made. |
| Present Continuous | They are making it. | It is being made. |
| Past Continuous | They were making it. | It was being made. |
| Present Perfect | They have made it. | It has been made. |
| Past Perfect | They had made it. | It had been made. |
| Future | They will make it. | It will be made. |
| Modal | They must do it. | It must be done. |
| Infinitive | want to do it | want it to be done |
11
Causative Verbs
| กริยา | โครงสร้าง | ตัวอย่าง | ความหมาย |
| have (คนทำ) | have + O(คน) + V1 | I had him fix my car. | ให้ / ใช้ให้ทำ |
| have (สิ่งของ) | have + O(ของ) + V3 | I had my car fixed. | ให้ (ใครก็ได้) ทำให้ |
| get (คนทำ) | get + O(คน) + to-V | I got him to fix my car. | ชักจูง / โน้มน้าว |
| get (สิ่งของ) | get + O(ของ) + V3 | I got my car repaired. | ให้ทำ |
| make | make + O + V1 | She made him apologize. | บังคับ |
| let | let + O + V1 | He let me leave early. | อนุญาต |
| help | help + O + (to) V1 | She helped me (to) study. | ช่วย — to ใส่หรือไม่ก็ได้ |
12
Subjunctive
หลังกริยาที่แสดงคำสั่ง ข้อเสนอ ความจำเป็น — กริยาใน that-clause ต้องเป็น base form เสมอ
suggest / recommend / request / insist / require / demand / propose / order / ask + that + S + V1 (base form)
✓The manager suggested that he leave early.
✓We require that she be present at all meetings.
✗She suggested that he leaves early.
✗They require that she is present.
★กฎนี้ใช้กับทุก subject — ไม่ว่าจะเป็น he/she/it ก็ไม่เติม -s ไม่ใช้ is/was
13
had better · would rather · used to ใหม่
| Expression | โครงสร้าง | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่าง |
| had better | had better + V1 | ควรจะทำ (มีนัยเตือน / เร่งด่วน) | You had better leave now or you'll be late. |
| had better not | had better not + V1 | ไม่ควรทำ | You had better not say that. |
| would rather | would rather + V1 (+ than + V1) | ชอบ / อยากจะ (มากกว่า) | I would rather stay than go out. |
| would rather + S | would rather + S + Past Subjunctive | อยากให้คนอื่นทำ | I'd rather you didn't smoke here. |
| used to | used to + V1 | เคยทำ (สม่ำเสมอ) แต่เลิกแล้ว | She used to smoke, but she quit. |
| be used to | be used to + V-ing / noun | คุ้นเคย / ชินกับ | She is used to working late. |
| get used to | get used to + V-ing / noun | เริ่มคุ้นเคย / ปรับตัวได้ | He got used to waking up early. |
used to vs be used to — สับสนบ่อยมาก
✓I used to live in Bangkok. (เคยอยู่ ตอนนี้ไม่แล้ว)
✓I am used to living in Bangkok. (คุ้นเคยกับการอยู่)
✗I am used to live in Bangkok.
14
Conditionals
| ประเภท | If-clause | Main clause | ความหมาย |
| Zero | if + Present Simple | Present Simple | ความจริงสากล / กฎ |
| If you heat water to 100°C, it boils. |
| Type 1 | if + Present Simple | will + V1 | เป็นไปได้ในอนาคต |
| If it rains, I will stay home. |
| Type 2 | if + Past Simple | would + V1 | สมมติ ปัจจุบัน/อนาคต ไม่น่าจริง |
| If I were you, I would study harder. |
| Type 3 | if + had + V3 | would have + V3 | สมมติในอดีต ไม่ได้เกิดขึ้น |
| If I had studied, I would have passed. |
| Mixed | if + had + V3 (อดีต) | would + V1 (ปัจจุบัน) | อดีตเชื่อมปัจจุบัน |
| If I had saved money, I would be rich now. |
Inverted Conditionals (ทางการ)
→Should you need help, call me. = If you should need...
→Were I in your position, I would resign. = If I were...
→Had I known, I would have called. = If I had known...
★Type 2 ใช้ were ทุก subject: "If I were...", "If she were..." — ไม่ใช้ was ในภาษาทางการ
15
Wish · If only · It's time ขยาย
| โครงสร้าง | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่าง |
| wish + Past Simple | อยากให้เป็น (ปัจจุบัน ไม่ใช่จริง) | I wish I were taller. |
| wish + Past Perfect | เสียดาย (อดีต ไม่ได้ทำ) | I wish I had studied harder. |
| wish + would | อยากให้เปลี่ยนพฤติกรรม | I wish you would stop smoking. |
| If only + ... | เน้นความรู้สึกแรงกว่า wish | If only I had more time! |
| It's time + S + Past Simple | ถึงเวลาแล้วที่ควรทำ | It's time you went to bed. |
| It's high time + S + Past Simple | เลยเวลาที่ควรทำมานานแล้ว | It's high time he took responsibility. |
| It's time + to-V | ถึงเวลาแล้ว (ไม่ระบุ subject) | It's time to go. |
16
Reported Speech
| Direct → Reported | ตัวอย่าง Direct | ตัวอย่าง Reported |
| Present Simple → Past Simple | "I work here." | She said she worked there. |
| Present Cont. → Past Cont. | "I am working." | He said he was working. |
| Present Perfect → Past Perfect | "I have finished." | She said she had finished. |
| Past Simple → Past Perfect | "I went there." | He said he had gone there. |
| will → would | "I will call." | She said she would call. |
| can → could | "I can help." | He said he could help. |
| may → might | "I may come." | She said she might come. |
การเปลี่ยน Time / Place Expression
| Direct | Reported | Direct | Reported |
| now | then / at that time | today | that day |
| yesterday | the day before | tomorrow | the next day |
| last week | the previous week | next week | the following week |
| here | there | this / these | that / those |
Reporting Verbs — Pattern
| Pattern | Verbs | ตัวอย่าง |
| V + that | say, claim, admit, explain, add, announce | She said that she was tired. |
| V + O + that | tell, warn, remind, convince, inform | He told me that it was late. |
| V + O + to-V | ask, tell, warn, advise, order, remind, invite | She told me to leave. |
| V + V-ing | admit, deny, suggest, recommend | He denied stealing it. |
| V + if/whether | ask, wonder, want to know | She asked if I could help. |
17
Clauses
| ประเภท | หน้าที่ | ตัวอย่าง |
| Noun Clause | ทำหน้าที่เป็น noun (S, O, C) | I know that he is right. / What she said is true. |
| Adjective Clause | ขยาย noun | The man who works here is kind. |
| Adverb Clause | ขยาย verb / adj / sentence | I stayed home because it rained. |
Adverb Clause Connectors
| ความหมาย | Connectors |
| เวลา | when, while, before, after, since, as soon as, until, once, as, by the time |
| เหตุผล | because, since, as, now that, given that |
| เงื่อนไข | if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case, on condition that |
| ตรงข้าม (Contrast) | although, though, even though, whereas, while |
| ยอมรับแต่... (Concession) | even if, no matter how/what |
| ผล | so that, in order that, so...that, such...that |
| วิธี | as if, as though, as |
18
Relative Clauses
| Pronoun | ใช้กับ | ตัวอย่าง |
| who | คน (subject) | The man who called you is my boss. |
| whom | คน (object) | The person whom I met was kind. |
| which | สิ่งของ / สัตว์ | The book which I read was great. |
| that | คน / สิ่งของ (defining เท่านั้น) | The car that I bought is red. |
| whose | ความเป็นเจ้าของ | The girl whose name is Amy won. |
| where | สถานที่ | The city where I was born is Chiang Mai. |
| when | เวลา | I remember the day when we met. |
Defining vs Non-defining
| Defining (ไม่มีลูกน้ำ) | Non-defining (มีลูกน้ำ) |
| ความหมาย | ข้อมูลจำเป็น ขาดไม่ได้ | ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม ตัดออกก็ยังเข้าใจ |
| ใช้ that | ได้ | ห้ามใช้ |
| ตัวอย่าง | The book that I lent you is mine. | This book, which I love, is mine. |
Reduction
→The man who is working → The man working (Active V-ing)
→The letter which was sent → The letter sent (Passive V3)
→Students who pass the test → Students passing the test
19
too · enough · so · such ใหม่
too...to / enough...to
| โครงสร้าง | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่าง |
| too + adj/adv + to-V | มากเกินไป จนทำไม่ได้ | She is too tired to work. |
| too + adj + for + O + to-V | มากเกินไปสำหรับ... | It's too heavy for me to lift. |
| adj/adv + enough + to-V | เพียงพอที่จะทำได้ | She is old enough to vote. |
| enough + noun + to-V | มีพอที่จะ... | I have enough money to buy it. |
| not...enough + to-V | ไม่พอที่จะทำ | He is not tall enough to reach it. |
★enough อยู่หลัง adj/adv แต่อยู่หน้า noun: "fast enough" / "enough time"
so...that / such...that
| โครงสร้าง | ตัวอย่าง |
| so + adj/adv + that + clause | It was so cold that we stayed home. |
| so + many/few + noun + that | There were so many people that we couldn't enter. |
| so + much/little + noun + that | There was so little time that we rushed. |
| such + a/an + adj + noun + that | It was such a great idea that everyone agreed. |
| such + adj + plural/uncountable noun + that | They showed such dedication that we were impressed. |
✓It was such a beautiful day that we went out. (such + a + adj + noun)
✓It was so beautiful that we went out. (so + adj เท่านั้น)
✗It was so a beautiful day that...
20
Parallel Structure
เมื่อเชื่อมคำหลายตัวด้วย and / or / but / not only...but also — ต้องเป็นรูปเดียวกัน
✓She likes reading, writing, and speaking. (V-ing ทุกตัว)
✗She likes reading, to write, and speak.
✓He is intelligent, hardworking, and reliable. (adj ทุกตัว)
✓Not only did she finish early, but she also helped others.
✓The job requires planning, organizing, and leading a team.
✗The job requires planning, to organize, and leadership.
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Articles
| Article | ใช้เมื่อ | ตัวอย่าง |
| a | Singular countable, ไม่เฉพาะ, ขึ้นต้นพยัญชนะ | a book, a car, a university (ออกเสียง /j/) |
| an | Singular countable, ไม่เฉพาะ, ขึ้นต้นสระ | an apple, an hour (/aʊ/), an MBA |
| the | เฉพาะเจาะจง, รู้แล้ว, เดียวในโลก, superlative, ordinal, ชื่อแม่น้ำ/ทะเล/เทือกเขา | the sun, the best, the first, the Amazon |
| Zero (∅) | Plural/uncountable ทั่วไป, ชื่อเฉพาะส่วนใหญ่, สถาบัน/กิจกรรมทั่วไป | ดูตารางด้านล่าง |
Zero Article — กรณีไม่ใส่ article
| กรณี | ตัวอย่าง |
| Noun ทั่วไป (plural / uncountable) | Dogs are loyal. / Water is essential. |
| สถาบัน (วัตถุประสงค์หลัก) | go to school / be in hospital / go to prison / go to church |
| กีฬา | play tennis / play chess / play football |
| มื้ออาหาร | have breakfast / after lunch / before dinner |
| ช่วงเวลา / วิธีการเดินทาง | at night / by car / on foot / at noon |
| ทวีป / ประเทศส่วนใหญ่ / เมือง | Asia, Thailand, Bangkok |
| ภาษา / วิชาเรียน | study English / major in economics |
★the กับชื่อเฉพาะที่ต้องใช้: the USA / the UK / the Philippines (ประเทศที่มี republic/kingdom/islands) · the Nile / the Pacific / the Alps
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Quantifiers & Determiners
| Quantifier | Countable | Uncountable | ความหมาย |
| many / few / a few | ✓ | ✗ | many = มาก · few = น้อย (เน้นลบ) · a few = มีบ้าง (บวก) |
| much / little / a little | ✗ | ✓ | much = มาก · little = น้อย (ลบ) · a little = มีบ้าง (บวก) |
| some / any | ✓ | ✓ | some (บอกเล่า/เสนอ) · any (คำถาม/ปฏิเสธ) |
| a lot of / lots of | ✓ | ✓ | มาก (ทั้งคู่) |
| no / none | ✓ | ✓ | ไม่มีเลย |
| enough | ✓ | ✓ | เพียงพอ |
both / either / neither — สำคัญ
| คำ | ความหมาย | กริยา | ตัวอย่าง |
| both (of) | ทั้งสอง | Plural | Both students have passed. / Both of them are ready. |
| either (of) | คนใดคนหนึ่ง (ในสอง) | Singular | Either answer is acceptable. |
| neither (of) | ไม่คนใดเลย (ในสอง) | Singular | Neither option seems good. |
| both...and | ทั้ง...และ... | Plural | Both she and he are coming. |
| either...or | ...หรือ... (เลือกอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง) | ดู noun หลัง or | Either she or they are right. |
| neither...nor | ไม่...และก็ไม่... | ดู noun หลัง nor | Neither he nor I was there. |
each / every / all
| คำ | ใช้กับ | กริยา | ตัวอย่าง |
| each | 2 ขึ้นไป (รายบุคคล) | Singular | Each student has a book. |
| every | 3 ขึ้นไป (กลุ่มรวม) | Singular | Every student was present. |
| all | Plural / Uncountable | Plural | All students are ready. / All the water was gone. |
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Prepositions
| at | on | in |
| เวลา | เวลาที่แน่นอน: at 5 PM, at noon, at night, at the weekend | วัน: on Monday, on New Year's Day, on my birthday | เดือน/ปี/ฤดู: in March, in 2025, in winter |
| สถานที่ | จุด: at the station, at home, at the top | พื้นผิว: on the table, on the wall, on the floor | พื้นที่/ภายใน: in the room, in Bangkok, in a box |
Adjective + Preposition
| adj + prep | adj + prep | adj + prep |
| interested in | responsible for | good/bad at |
| aware of | satisfied with | worried about |
| dependent on | different from | famous for |
| married to | excited about | similar to |
| associated with | based on | related to |
Verb + Preposition
listen to
wait for
deal with
consist of
apply for
result in
rely on
succeed in
benefit from
complain about
belong to
agree with
cope with
refer to
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Preposition + V-ing ใหม่
หลัง preposition ต้องใช้ V-ing เสมอ — ไม่ใช่ to-V
Preposition + V-ing (ไม่ใช่ to-V)
in addition to, as well as, instead of, on top of, apart from, look forward to, object to, be used to, get used to, be accustomed to, insist on, think about, interested in, good at...
ตัวอย่าง — หลัง prep ต้องเป็น V-ing
✓I look forward to meeting you.
✗I look forward to meet you.
✓In addition to working full-time, she studies at night.
✓Instead of complaining, try to find a solution.
✓She is good at managing people.
✓As well as managing the project, he handles client relations.
✓He insisted on paying for dinner.
✗He insisted on to pay for dinner.
★"to" ที่ตามด้วย V-ing คือ "to" ที่เป็น preposition ไม่ใช่ infinitive marker: look forward to / be used to / object to / be opposed to / when it comes to
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Conjunctions & Discourse Markers
| หน้าที่ | Conjunction (ใน clause) | Discourse Marker (ขึ้นต้นประโยค) |
| เพิ่มเติม | and, not only...but also | Furthermore, Moreover, In addition, Besides, What is more |
| ขัดแย้ง | but, yet, while, whereas | However, Nevertheless, On the other hand, In contrast, That said |
| เหตุผล | because, since, as | Therefore, Thus, Hence, As a result, Consequently, For this reason |
| ยอมรับแต่...(Concession) | although, even though, though | Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Even so, Still, All the same |
| เงื่อนไข | if, unless, as long as | Otherwise, In that case, Provided that |
| ลำดับ / เวลา | then, before, after, once | First, Next, Subsequently, Finally, Meanwhile |
| สรุป | — | In conclusion, To sum up, Overall, In short, To summarize |
| ยกตัวอย่าง | — | For example, For instance, Namely, To illustrate |
| ชี้แจง / เน้น | — | In other words, That is, Indeed, In fact, Above all |
!Comma splice — ผิดบ่อย: ✗ "It rained, however we went out." → ✓ "It rained; however, we went out." / "It rained. However, we went out." — Discourse markers ไม่ใช่ conjunction ใช้เชื่อมสองประโยคได้แต่ต้องมี semicolon หรือ period ก่อน
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Comparison
| ระดับ | สั้น (1-2 พยางค์) | ยาว (3+ พยางค์) | ตัวอย่าง |
| Comparative | adj + -er + than | more + adj + than | bigger than / more important than |
| Superlative | the + adj + -est | the most + adj | the biggest / the most important |
| Equal | as + adj/adv + as | as fast as |
| Unequal (−) | not as + adj + as | not as tall as |
Special Patterns — ออกสอบบ่อย
| Pattern | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่าง |
| the + comp, the + comp | ยิ่ง...ยิ่ง... | The harder you study, the better your results. |
| comp + and + comp | มากขึ้นเรื่อยๆ | It is getting more and more difficult. |
| twice / three times + as + adj + as | เท่าตัว / สามเท่า | She earns twice as much as me. |
| by far + superlative | เหนือกว่ามาก | She is by far the best candidate. |
| no + comp + than | ไม่ได้ดีกว่า | He is no better than his brother. |
| Irregular Comparisons | Comparative | Superlative |
| good / well | better | the best |
| bad / badly | worse | the worst |
| many / much | more | the most |
| little | less | the least |
| far | farther / further | the farthest / furthest |
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Phrasal Verbs
| Phrasal Verb | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่าง |
| give up | เลิก / ยอมแพ้ | Don't give up so easily. |
| look into | ตรวจสอบ / สืบหา | We will look into the issue. |
| put off | เลื่อน / ผัดผ่อน | Don't put off the meeting. |
| carry out | ดำเนินการ | They carried out the plan. |
| take over | รับช่วง / เข้าควบคุม | She took over the project. |
| bring up | เลี้ยงดู / หยิบยกประเด็น | He brought up a good point. |
| come up with | คิดออก / เสนอ | She came up with a great idea. |
| find out | ค้นพบ / รู้ | I found out the truth. |
| call off | ยกเลิก | They called off the event. |
| go over | ทบทวน / ตรวจสอบ | Let's go over the contract. |
| set up | จัดตั้ง | They set up a new company. |
| look forward to | ตั้งตารอ (+ V-ing) | I look forward to meeting you. |
| turn down | ปฏิเสธ | She turned down the offer. |
| run out of | หมด | We ran out of time. |
| make up for | ชดเชย | He worked late to make up for lost time. |
| point out | ชี้ให้เห็น | She pointed out an error. |
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Collocation
make vs do — ท่องจำทั้งก้อน
| make | do |
make a decision make progress make an effort make a mistake make money make a phone call make a suggestion make a profit / loss make friends make an appointment | do homework do business do research do damage do a favor do well / badly do harm do the dishes do one's best do an exercise |
Verb Collocations บ่อยๆ
| Verb | Noun ที่ใช้คู่ |
| take | take action / take part in / take place / take charge of / take responsibility / take advantage of |
| give | give advice / give a speech / give permission / give a presentation / give feedback |
| hold | hold a meeting / hold a position / hold a view / hold a conference |
| reach | reach an agreement / reach a conclusion / reach a goal / reach a decision |
| pay | pay attention / pay a fine / pay a compliment / pay a visit |
| raise | raise a question / raise awareness / raise funds / raise concerns |
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Inversion
ย้าย auxiliary มาหน้า subject — ใช้เมื่อขึ้นต้นด้วย negative / limiting expression
Negative Adverbial + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb
| Expression | Inversion |
| Never | Never have I seen such dedication. |
| Rarely / Seldom | Rarely does she complain. |
| Hardly / Scarcely...when | Hardly had I arrived when it started raining. |
| No sooner...than | No sooner had she left than he arrived. |
| Not only...but also | Not only did she finish early, but she also helped others. |
| Only then / Only after | Only then did we realize the problem. |
| Under no circumstances | Under no circumstances should you sign this. |
| Little | Little did she know what was coming. |
| Nowhere | Nowhere is it more obvious than here. |
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Cleft Sentences
ใช้เน้นส่วนใดส่วนหนึ่งของประโยค
| ประเภท | โครงสร้าง | ตัวอย่าง |
| It-cleft | It is/was + X + that/who + ... | It is hard work that leads to success. / It was John who called me. |
| Wh-cleft | What + S + V + is/was + X | What I need is more time. |
| All-cleft | All + S + V + is/was + (to-V) | All I want is to be happy. |
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Ellipsis & Substitution
→She can sing, and he can too. / She can't, and he can't either.
→So can he. / Neither can she. / Nor do I.
→I thought she had left, but she hadn't [left].
→"Are you coming?" — "I think so." / "I don't think so."
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Nominalisation
เปลี่ยนประโยคเป็นคำนาม — ใช้ใน academic / formal writing
→The team arrived. → The arrival of the team...
→They decided to invest. → The decision to invest...
→They investigated the case. → Their investigation of the case...
→Sales increased rapidly. → A rapid increase in sales...
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Dangling Modifier
วลีขยายต้อง "เป็นของ" subject ของประโยคหลัก — ถ้าไม่ตรงกัน = dangling modifier (ผิด)
✓Walking down the street, I saw a dog.
ฉันเป็นคนเดิน — ถูก
✗Walking down the street, a dog appeared.
หมาไม่ได้เดิน — dangling modifier
✓Having finished the report, she went home.
✗Having finished the report, the office was quiet.
office ไม่ได้ทำรายงาน
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Punctuation ใหม่
| เครื่องหมาย | ชื่อ | ใช้เมื่อ | ตัวอย่าง |
| . | Period / Full stop | จบประโยค, ตัวย่อ | She works. / Mr. Smith / etc. |
| , | Comma | หน้า FANBOYS, หลัง intro clause, non-defining clause, รายการ | I came, but she left. / However, ..., The book, which is old, ... |
| ; | Semicolon | เชื่อม 2 independent clauses ที่สัมพันธ์กัน, ก่อน conjunctive adverb | She studied hard; she passed. / It rained; however, we went out. |
| : | Colon | ขึ้นต้นรายการ, อธิบายเพิ่มเติม, คำพูด | She needs three things: time, money, and support. |
| ' | Apostrophe | ความเป็นเจ้าของ, คำย่อ | John's book / it's (it is) / they're |
| — | Em dash | เน้น, แทรกความคิด | She finally arrived—three hours late. |
| " " | Quotation marks | คำพูด, ชื่อบทความ/บทกวี | He said, "I'll be back." |
Comma Rules — สำคัญ
✓She studied hard, so she passed. (หน้า FANBOYS: for/and/nor/but/or/yet/so)
✓Although it rained, we went out. (หลัง intro adverb clause)
✓We went out, although it rained. (clause ตามหลัง — comma ใส่หรือไม่ก็ได้)
✓John, who is my boss, is very kind. (non-defining relative clause)
✓I need pens, pencils, and paper. (Oxford/Serial comma)
Apostrophe — ข้อผิดพลาดบ่อย
✓The company's policy / The employees' rights (plural)
✗its' — ไม่มีในภาษาอังกฤษ
✓its = ความเป็นเจ้าของ (its policy) · it's = it is / it has
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Common Errors ขยาย
กริยาที่ไม่ตามด้วย preposition หรือ pattern ผิด
✓suggest that I go / suggest going
✓discuss the issue (ไม่มี about)
✓despite the rain / in spite of the rain
✓explain the problem to me
✓In my opinion, ... / According to the report, ...
✓mention it (ไม่มี about)
✓I agree with you (agree = verb ไม่ใช่ adj)
คำสับสน
★affect (verb) vs effect (noun)
The rain affected us. / The effect was huge.
★rise (เพิ่มขึ้นเอง ไม่มีกรรม) vs raise (ยกขึ้น มีกรรม)
Prices are rising. / They raised prices.
★lie (นอน/อยู่ ไม่มีกรรม) vs lay (วาง มีกรรม)
She lies on the bed. / She laid the book down.
★fewer (countable) vs less (uncountable)
fewer students / less water / less time
★its (ความเป็นเจ้าของ) vs it's (it is / it has)
★their (ความเป็นเจ้าของ) vs there (สถานที่) vs they're (they are)
★complement (เติมเต็ม) vs compliment (ชมเชย)
Redundancy — คำซ้ำความหมาย
✗return back / repeat again / advance forward / end result / free gift / past history
✓return / repeat / advance / result / gift / history